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Mayakovsky (Маяковский) Vladimir Vladimirovich
(1893—1930)

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky was among the foremost representatives for the poetic futurism of early 20th century Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union.

He was born the third child in Bagdadi, Georgia where his father worked as a forest ranger. Both parents were descendants of Cossacks. At the age of 14 Mayakovsky took part in socialist demonstrations at the town of Kutaisi, where he attended the local grammar school. After the sudden and premature death of his father in 1906, the family — Mayakovsky, his mother, and his two sisters — moved to Moscow, where he attended the school No. 5.

In Moscow Mayakovsky developed a passion for Marxist literature and took part in numerous activities of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party; he was to later become an RSDLP (Bolshevik) member. In 1908, he was dismissed from the Grammar School due to his mother's inability to afford tuition.

Around that time, Mayakovsky was imprisoned on three occasions for subversive political activities, but being underage, he avoided deportation. During a period of solitary confinement in Butyrka prison in 1909, he commenced writing poetry, but his poems were confiscated. On his release from prison, he continued working within the socialist movement, and in 1911 he joined the Moscow Art School where he became acquainted with members of the Russia's Futurist movement. He became a leading spokesman for the group Gileas, and a close friend to David Burlyuk, whom he saw as his mentor.

The 1912 Futurist publication, A Slap in the Face of Public Taste printed Mayakovsky's first published poems: "Night", and "Morning". Because of their political activities, Burlyuk and Mayakovsky were expelled from the Moscow Art School in 1914.

His work continued in the Futurist vein until 1914. His artistic development then shifted increasingly towards narrative-based directions and it is this work, published during the period immediately preceding the Russian Revolution, which was to establish his reputation as a poet in Russia and abroad.

A Cloud in Trousers (1915) was Mayakovsky's first major poem of appreciable length and it depicted the heated subjects of love, revolution, religion, and art written from the vantage point of a spurned lover. The language of the work was the language of the streets, and Mayakovsky went on to considerable lengths to deconstruct the idealistic and romaticised notions of poetry and poets.

In the summer of 1915, Mayakovsky fell in love with a married woman, Lilya Brik, and it is to her that the poem "The Backbone Flute" (1916) is dedicated. Unfortunately for Mayakovsky, she was the wife of his publisher, Osip Brik. The love affair, as well as his impressions of war and revolution, strongly influenced his works of these years. The poem "War and the World" (1916) addressed the horrors of WWI and "Man" (1917) is a poem dealing with the anguish of love.

Mayakovsky was rejected as a volunteer at the beginning of WWI, and during 1915-1917 worked at the Petrograd Military Automobile School as a draftsman. At the onset of the Russian Revolution, Mayakovsky was in Smolny, Petrograd. There he was to witness the October Revolution. He started reciting poems such as "Left March! For the Red Marines: 1918" (1918) at naval theatres, with sailors as an audience.

Agitprop poster by MayakovskyAfter moving back to Moscow, Mayakovsky worked for the Russian State Telegraph Agency (ROSTA) creating — both graphic and text — satirical Agitprop posters. In 1919, he published his first collection of poems Collected Works 1909-1919. In the cultural climate of the young Soviet Union, his popularity grew rapidly. During 1922-1928, Mayakovsky was a prominent member of the Left Art Front and went on to defined his work as 'Communist futurism'.

As one of the few Soviet writers who were allowed to travel freely, his voyages to Latvia, Britain, Germany, the United States, Mexico and Cuba influenced works like My Discovery of America (1925). He also travelled extensively throughout the Soviet Union.

On a lecture tour in the United States, Mayakovsky met Elli Jones, who later gave birth to his daughter, an event which Mayakovsky only came to know in 1929, when the couple met clandestinely in the south of France, as the relationship was kept secret. In the late 1920s, Mayakovsky fell in love with Tatiana Yakovleva and to her he dedicated the poem "A Letter to Tatiana Yakovleva" (1928).

The relevance of Mayakovsky cannot be limited to Soviet poetry. While over years, he was considered the Soviet poet par excellence, he also changed the perceptions of poetry in wider 20th Century culture. His political activism as a propagandistic agitator was rarely understood, sometimes disfavored by contemporaries and also by close friends like Boris Pasternak. Near the end of the 1920s, Mayakovsky became increasingly disillusioned with Bolshevism and propaganda; his satirical play The Bedbug (1929), dealing with the Soviet philistinism and bureaucratism, shows this development. Malady and political as well as private disappointment were the main influences of his last month.

On the evening of April 14, 1930, Mayakovsky shot himself. An unfinished poem in his suicide note read, in part:

Mayakovsky was interred at the Moscow Novodevichy Cemetery. In 1930, his birthplace of Bagdadi in Georgia was renamed Mayakovsky in his honour. Following Stalin's death, rumours arose that Mayakovsky did not commit suicide but was, in fact, murdered at the behest of Stalin. During the 1990s, while KGB files were being declassified, there was hope that new evidence will come to light on this question, but none has been found and the hypothesis remains unproven.

After his death, Mayakovsky was attacked in the Soviet press as a "formalist" and a "fellow-traveller". When, in 1935, his widow Lilya Brik wrote to Stalin about this, Stalin wrote a remark on Brik's letter: "Comrade Yezhov, please take charge of Brik's letter. Mayakovsky is still the best and the most talented poet of our Soviet epoch. Indifference to his cultural heritage is a crime. Brik's complaints are, in my opinion, justified..." These words became a cliché and officially canonized Mayakovsky but, as Boris Pasternak noted, it "dealt him the second death" in some circles.

Bulgaria, 1955, Vladimir Mayakovsky

Czechoslovakia, 1950, Vladimir Mayakovsky

Czechoslovakia, 1969, Vladimir Mayakovsky

DDR, 1977, Dzerzinski and Quotation from Mayakovsky

Hungary, 1959, Mayakovsky monument in Moskow

Nicaragua, 1995, Vladimir Mayakovsky

Rumania, 1953, Vladimir Mayakovsky

Russia, 2000, Vladimir Mayakovsky and «ROSTa Window»

USSR, 1940, Vladimir Mayakovsky